Draft. need to check this introduction again once all the sections are complete. Jane 14Oct11.

Desertfication and land degradation are complex processes with causes that range from climate change to change in land use or change in environmental protection legislation. The way in which an area responds to these pressures is determined by how resilient the landscape (soil, water, vegetation) and local economy are.

What are land degradation indicators?

• An indicator is a parameter (or value derived from parameters) which provides information about a phenomenon.
• Indicators should not be confused with raw data from which they are derived.
• Indicators are quantified information which helps to explain how things are changing over time and space for decision making.
• An environmental indicator is a parameter which provides information about the situation or trends in the state of environment, in the human activities that affect or are affected by the environment or about relationships among such variables.
• Land degradation indicators are a sub-set of environmental indicators focusing on a particular trend in state of the environment and associated human activities.

(additional sources: EEA 1998, USA EPA 1995)

How are land degradation indicators used?

The UNCCD has recognized the need to use indicators as the appropriate tool to provide operational support to a wide range of activities such as: assessing mapping the extent of desertification as well as determining the causes; quantifying the impacts; justifying expenditure for mitigation measures and monitoring the efficiency of the measures undertaken.

Developing the use of indicators in DESIRE

• Extensive research has already been done into desertification and land degradation indicators, so our first step is to select from the literature, previous and on-going research programmes a short-list of indicators to use in our study sites. This short-list is accompanied by an extensive manual describing how to measure each indicator and to record the data.
• Indicators have to be relevant to the particular desertification issues that each study site is facing. Consequently (with WB1 and WB3) we have made an analysis of the stakeholders' perceptions of desertification. We have charactised the main stakeholder groups (in different sectors and regions and socio-economic backgrounds); their interests, power, the current formal and informal institutional settings.
• We have collected data for 72 different indicators from 1641 locations in the 17 study sites and developed a database for the main land use types affecting desertification in Mediterranean environments.
• Analysis of the database will allow comparison and linking of indicators and land management practices.
• Finally a methodology is developed to simulate and evaluate the effects of various land management practices and techniques on land degradation and economic feasibility for combating desertification using the appropriate indicators.

This part of the project is divided into four stages.

	»Stage 1: Identify potential land degradation indicators Review and evaluation of desertification indicators from previous research; provision of guidelines for identifying and cataloguing indicators; characterisation of stakeholder groups and analysis of their perception of desertification; identification (in collaboration with stakeholders) research priorities and knowledge gaps in different domains of desertification; documentation and development of a database of indicators for different land use types, based on the stakeholders' inventory and field survey.
** image	»Stage 2: Evaluate and short-list proposed indicators A comparative analysis of indicators and land management practices for different land use types; development of a methodology to use indicators to evaluate land management practices and techniques according to their effects on land degradation and their economic feasibility.
** image	»Stage 3: Improving indicators Although there is a body of research on desertification indicators additional research was done in a few specific areas: sediment yield, fire, composite indicators of vulnerability.
	»Stage 4: Desertification Risk Assessment Tools A summary manual fully describing the indicators developed and used in DESIRE and the development of algorithms to calculate a composite Desertification Risk Index under different land management practices. There are both online and offline versions of the Tool and examples of its use to determine desertification risk at the study sites and as a result of changing land management practices.